Much Ado About Nothing Essays (758 words) - Stan, Dune Novels

Much Ado About Nothing One character in the play is Bene*censored* and he is expressed in an interesting way. Bene*censored* is a character that not only deceives other characters in the play, but most of all he deceives himself. Bene*censored*'s deceiving ways derive him to be a hypocritical character; this phenomenon makes his role compellingly intriguing in the play "Much Ado About Nothing". Bene*censored* has a unique view toward love, he wants no part in giving or receiving love. He has a simple way to live, "I will live a bachelor" (Shakespeare I .i.176), he first chooses not to get involved in the love scheme. Bene*censored* has strong hold on that feeling and what's to keep it that way. Encounters with a character known as Beatrice prove this to be true. Everytime these characters see one another arguments are endless, and put downs are fired back and forth. In fact Bene*censored* tells her "...I would I could find in my heart that had not a hard heart, for truly I love none" (I.i.92), his one way view is expressed to confirm his stubborn ways of love. The bickering between these two make it obvious that there is a hidden-love, which has potential. All the while Bene*censored* is making clear that he will not fall to love and nothing will change his view. The deception will come from his view that is extremely well grounded. Another instance where Bene*censored*'s deceiving way are used is later in the play. This time Bene*censored* is the deceived instead of the deceiver. This is where Bene*censored* becomes a hypocrite. Deception still is taking place, just in different ways. Close friends of Bene*censored* known that Bene*censored* is listening to their conversation, and they say how Beatrice and is in love with him and he should go for this. Playing with his mind they say "Shall we go seek Bene*censored*, and tell him of her love?" (III.i.154), they known that Bene*censored* is listening so they don't have to tell him. Bene*censored* starts to believe that this is true and his feelings suddenly change. Thus making him a hypocrite to all those people that he told his original view of love. Bene*censored*'s deceiving ways counter against him in this case. The hidden love between the two is now present. Bene*censored* with the change of view towards love is now ready to do anything for Beatrice. Being once a man that would remain a bachelor forever and now he is at the foot of a women telling her he will do anything because he loves her so much. Bene*censored* is truly a hypocrite. Beatrice asks Bene*censored* to kill another man just because that man didn't marry her friend. Bene*censored* is willing to do it but he doesn't have to do1. Bene*censored* has a definite change of feelings and it is all from his deceiving ways. Bene*censored* becomes a hypocrite by the end of the play, through his deceiving ways. Bene*censored* stresses that he is"anit-love" and doesn't ever what to be one of those guys who falls in love. Bene*censored* just as every man has a reputation to uphold of being strong and needless of affection. In the beginning of the play when Bene*censored* first is introduced., he has these attitude where he is high on himself. We can see this when Bene*censored* has his first chat with Beatrice. Bene*censored* hasThe character Ben*censored* relates a lot to real life, especially in the twenty-century. This kind of thing happens all the time. People change feelings all the time. People also have deceiving ways in the twenty-century, although these ways can be a little more dangerous with people today. The human nature is exactly like what would be in real life.Likewise to Bene*censored* people end up saying something and then totally doing the opposite. It happens to everyone. In conclusion, Bene*censored* used deception for him and used it against him. In conclusion, his deceiving ways lead him to become a hypocrite. He was once the man who would not dare to adventure into love, but now has gone in full force. The significant meaning that is produced here is one that will never be forgotten. Bene*censored* should of probably not have said anything in the first place. He didn't know what was going to happen. The art of deception took over. the deceiving ways of Bene*censored* add up and in the end make him a hypocrite. Bene*censored* is hypocrite because he says one thing and totally goes against it by doing the opposite. He is no longer a bachelor,

Biography of Robert Cavelier de la Salle, Explorer

Biography of Robert Cavelier de la Salle, Explorer Robert Cavelier de la Salle (November 22, 1643–March 19, 1687) was a French explorer credited with claiming Louisiana and the Mississippi River Basin for France. In addition, he explored much of the Midwest region of what would become the United States as well as portions of Eastern Canada and the Great Lakes. On his last voyage, his attempt to set up a French colony at the mouth of the Mississippi River met with disaster. Fast Facts: Robert Cavelier de la Salle Known For: Claiming the Louisiana Territory for FranceAlso Known As: Renà ©-Robert Cavelier, sieur de La SalleBorn: Nov. 22, 1643  in Rouen, FranceParents: Jean Cavelier, Catherine GeesetDied: March 19, 1687 near  the Brazos River  in what is now Texas Early Life Robert Cavelier de la Salle was on November 22, 1643, in Rouen, Normandy, France, into a wealthy merchant family. His father was Jean Cavelier, and his mother was Catherine Geeset. He attended Jesuit schools as a child and adolescent and decided to give up his inheritance and take the vows of the Jesuit Order in 1660 to start the process of becoming a Roman Catholic priest. By age 22, however, La Salle found himself attracted to adventure. He followed his brother Jean, a Jesuit priest, to Montreal, Canada (then called New France), and resigned from the Jesuit order in 1967. Upon his arrival as a colonist, La Salle was granted 400 acres of land on the Island of Montreal. He named his land Lachine, reportedly because it means China in French; La Salle spent much of his life trying to find a route through the New World to China. Exploration Begins La Salle issued land grants of Lachine, set up a village, and set out to learn the languages of the native people living in the area. He quickly acquired the language of the Iroquois, who told him of the Ohio River, which they said flowed into the Mississippi. La Salle believed that the Mississippi flowed into the Gulf of California and from there, he thought, he would be able to find a western route to China. After receiving permission from the governor of New France, La Salle sold his interests in Lachine and began planning an expedition. La Salles first expedition began in 1669. During this venture, he met Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette, two white explorers, in Hamilton, Ontario. La Salles expedition continued from there and eventually reached the Ohio River, which he followed as far as Louisville, Kentucky before he had to return to Montreal after several of his men deserted. Two years later, Joliet and Marquette succeeded where La Salle had failed when they navigated the upper Mississippi River. Upon his return to Canada, La Salle oversaw the building of Fort Frontenac,  on the eastern coast of Lake Ontario in present-day Kingston, Ontario, which was intended as a station for the areas growing fur trade. The fort, completed in 1673, was named after Louis de Baude Frontenac, the governor-general of New France. In 1674, La Salle returned to France to gain royal support for his land claims at Fort Frontenac. He was granted support and a fur trade allowance, permission to establish additional forts in the frontier, and a title of nobility. With his newfound success, La Salle returned to Canada and rebuilt Fort Frontenac in stone. Second Expedition On Aug. 7, 1679, La Salle and Italian explorer Henri de Tonti set sail on Le Griffon, a ship he had built that became the first full-size sailing ship to travel the Great Lakes. The expedition was to begin at Fort Conti at the mouth of the Niagara River and Lake Ontario. Before the voyage, La Salles crew brought in supplies from Fort Frontenac, avoiding Niagara Falls by using a portage around the falls established by Native Americans and carrying their supplies into Fort Conti. La Salle and Tonti then sailed Le Griffon up Lake Erie and into Lake Huron to Michilimackinac, near the present-day Straits of Mackinac in Michigan, before reaching the site of todays Green Bay, Wisconsin. La Salle then continued down the shore of Lake Michigan. In January 1680, he built Fort Miami at the mouth of the Miami River, now the St. Joseph River, in todays St. Joseph, Michigan. La Salle and his crew spent much of 1680 at Fort Miami. In December, they followed the river to South Bend, Indiana, where it joins the Kankakee River, then along this river to the Illinois River, establishing Fort Crevecoeur near what is today Peoria, Illinois. La Salle left Tonti in charge of the fort and returned to Fort Frontenac for supplies. While he was gone, Fort Crevecoeur was destroyed by mutinying soldiers. Louisiana Expedition After assembling a new crew including 18 Native Americans and reuniting with Tonti, La Salle began the expedition he is most known for. In 1682, he and his crew sailed down the Mississippi River. He named the Mississippi Basin La Louisiane in honor of King Louis XIV. On April 9, 1682, La Salle placed an engraved plate and a cross at the mouth of the Mississippi River, officially claiming the Louisiana Territory for France. In 1683 La Salle established Fort St. Louis at Starved Rock in Illinois and left Tonti in charge while he returned to France to resupply. In 1684, La Salle set sail from Europe to establish a French colony on the Gulf of Mexico at the mouth of the Mississippi River. Disaster The expedition started with four ships and 300 colonists, but in an extraordinary run of bad luck during the journey, three of the ships were lost to pirates and shipwreck. The remaining colonists and crew landed in Matagorda Bay, in present-day Texas. Due to navigational errors, La Salle had overshot his planned landing spot, Apalachee Bay near the northwestern bend of Florida, by hundreds of miles. Death They established a settlement near what became Victoria, Texas, and La Salle began searching overland for the Mississippi River. In the meantime, the last remaining ship, La Belle, ran aground and sank in the bay. On his fourth attempt to locate the Mississippi, 36 of his crew mutinied and on March 19, 1687, he was killed. After his death, the settlement lasted only until 1688, when local Native Americans killed the remaining adults and took the children captive. Legacy In 1995, La Salles last ship, La Belle, was found at the bottom of Matagorda Bay on the Texas coast. Archaeologists began a decades-long process of excavating, recovering, and conserving the ships hull and more than 1.6 million well-preserved artifacts, including crates and barrels of  items intended to support a new colony and supply a military expedition into Mexico: tools, cooking pots, trade goods, and weapons. They provide remarkable insights into the strategies and supplies that were used to establish colonies in 17th century North America.   The preserved hull of La Belle and many recovered artifacts are displayed in the Bullock Texas State History Museum in Austin. Among La Salles other important contributions was his exploration of the Great Lakes region and the Mississippi Basin. His claiming of Louisiana for France contributed to distinctive physical layouts of cities in the far-ranging territory and to the culture of its residents. Sources Renà ©-Robert Cavelier, sieur de La Salle: French Explorer. Encyclopaedia Britannica.Rene-Robert Cavelier, sieur de La Salle. 64parishes.org.Renà ©-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle  Biography.  Biography.com.La Belle: The Ship That Changed History. ThehistoryofTexas.com.

Enrique Pena Nieto, Former President of Mexico

Enrique Pena Nieto, Former President of Mexico Enrique Peà ±a Nieto (born July 20, 1966) is a Mexican lawyer and politician. A member of the PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party), he was elected president of Mexico in 2012 for a six-year term. Mexican presidents are only allowed to serve a single term. Fast Facts: Enrique Peà ±a Nieto Known For: President of Mexico, 2012–2018Born: July 20, 1966  in Atlacomulco,  State of Mexico,  MexicoParents: Gilberto Enrique Peà ±a del Mazo, Marà ­a del Perpetuo Socorro Ofelia Nieto SnchezEducation: Panamerican UniversityAwards and Honors:  Collar of the  Order of the Aztec Eagle, National Order of Juan Mora Fernndez, Grand Cross with Gold Plaque, Order of Prince Henry, Grand Collar,  Order of Isabella the Catholic, Grand CrossSpouse(s): Mà ³nica Pretelini, Angà ©lica RiveraChildren: Paulina, Alejandro, Nicole (with Pretelini), one additional child outside marriage with Maritza Dà ­az HernndezNotable Quote: I hope for my children, and for all Mexicans, that they can be proud to be Mexican, proud of their heritage, and proud that they have a peaceful, inclusive, vibrant country that is playing a role in the world. Early Life Enrique Peà ±a Nieto was born on July 20, 1966 in Atlacomulco, a town about 50 miles northwest of Mexico City. His father Severiano Peà ±a was an electrical engineer and the mayor of the town of Acambay, located in the State of Mexico. Two uncles served as governors of the same state. During his junior year in high school, he went to Denis Hall School in Alfred, Maine to learn English. In 1984 he enrolled at the Panamerican University in Mexico City, where he earned a degree in legal studies. Marriage and Children Enrique Peà ±a Nieto married Mà ³nica Pretelini in 1993: she died suddenly in 2007, leaving him three children. He remarried in 2010 in a fairytale wedding to Mexican telenovelas star Angelica Rivera. He had a child out of wedlock in 2005. His attention to this child (or lack thereof) has been a persistent scandal. Political Career Enrique Peà ±a Nieto got an early start on his political career. He was a community organizer while still in his early 20s and has maintained a presence in politics ever since. In 1999, he worked on the campaign team of Arturo Montiel Rojas, who was elected governor of Mexico State. Montiel rewarded him with the position of administrative secretary. Peà ±a Nieto was elected to replace Montiel in 2005 as governor, serving from 2005–2011. In 2011, he won the PRI Presidential nomination and immediately became the front-runner for the 2012 elections. 2012 Presidential Election Peà ±a had been a well-liked governor: he had delivered popular public works for the State of Mexico during his administration. His popularity, combined with his movie-star good looks, made him the early favorite in the election. His main opponents were leftist Andres Manuel Là ³pez Obrador of the Party of the Democratic Revolution and Josefina Vzquez Mota of the conservative National Action Party. Peà ±a ran on a platform of security and economic growth and overcame his partys past reputation for corruption in winning the election. A record turnout of 63 percent of eligible voters chose Peà ±a (38% of the vote) over Là ³pez Obrador (32%) and Vzquez (25%). Opposing parties claimed several campaign violations by the PRI, including vote-buying and receiving extra media exposure, but the results stood. Peà ±a took office on Dec. 1, 2012, replacing outgoing President Felipe Calderà ³n. Public Perception Although he was elected easily and most polls suggested a decent approval rating, some disliked Peà ±a Nietos public persona. One of his worst public gaffes came at a book fair, where he claimed to be a big fan of the popular novel The Eagles Throne. When pressed, he could not name the author. This was a serious blunder because the book was written by the prestigious Carlos Fuentes, one of Mexicos most celebrated novelists. Others found Peà ±a Nieto to be robotic and far too slick. He has often been compared, in a negative manner, to American politician John Edwards. The notion (correct or not) that he was a stuffed shirt also raised concerns due to the PRI partys notoriously corrupt past. By August 2016, Peà ±a Nieto had the lowest approval rating of any Mexican president since polling began in 1995. The number dipped even further to a mere 12% when gas prices rose in January 2017.​ Challenges for Peà ±a Nietos Administration President Peà ±a took control of Mexico during a troubled time. One big challenge was fighting the drug lords that control much of Mexico. Powerful cartels with private armies of professional soldiers make billions of dollars trafficking drugs every year. They are ruthless and do not hesitate to murder policemen, judges, journalists, politicians, or anyone else who challenges them. Felipe Calderà ³n, Peà ±a Nieto’s predecessor as president, declared an all-out war on the cartels, kicking over a hornet’s nest of death and mayhem. Mexico’s economy, an important factor for Mexican voters, took a huge hit during the international crisis of 2009. Peà ±a Nieto was friendly with the United States and stated that he wanted to maintain and strengthen economic ties with his neighbor to the north. Peà ±a Nieto has had a mixed record. During his tenure, police captured the nations most notorious drug lord, Joaquin El Chapo Guzman, but Guzman escaped from prison not long afterward. This was a huge embarrassment for the president. Even worse was the disappearance of 43 college students near the town of Iguala in September 2014: they are presumed dead at the hands of the cartels. Further challenges developed during the campaign and election of President Donald Trump in the United States. With proclaimed policies of a border wall paid for by Mexico, U.S.-Mexico relations took a turn for the worse. The End of Peà ±a Nietos Presidency Toward the end of 2018, additional scandals erupted for the Peà ±a Nieto presidency. Construction of a luxury home for the president and his wife by a company that was then awarded a large government contract led to accusations of conflict of interest. The president was never found guilty of wrongdoing, but he nevertheless found himself apologizing for the outcome. Peà ±a Nieto and his administration were also accused of spying on journalists and political activists. At the same time, an increase in drug trafficking and violence seemed to be linked to the outcome of the 2018 elections. Just before leaving the presidency, Peà ±a Nieto was involved with negotiations with the United States and Canada to restructure the NAFTA trade agreement. The new United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement  (USMCA) was signed on Peà ±a Nietos last day in office at the G20 Summit in Argentina. Sources: Puente, Teresa. Mexicos Telenovela President: Enrique Peà ±a Nietos Saga of Scandal, Gaffes, and Connections. The Daily Beast.Univision Noticias. Biografà ­a de Enrique Peà ±a Nieto.Wilkinson, Tracy and Ken Ellingwood. Mexicos Enrique Peà ±a Nieto, man of mystery. Los Angeles Times.Seelke, Clare Ribando. Mexicos 2012 Elections. ​Congressional Research Service.

Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Strategic management - Essay Example It continues to stipulate the rationale why china and India are the best-suited countries for management and investment sector. In the main body of the report, strategic development directions through FDI in china and India have been articulated clearly; this is through application of Ansoff Matrix, which features the consolidation, integration, diversification, market penetration and product development options (a table has been selected to analyze the general Ansoff matrix). The management report continues to discuss the organizational structure for both counties and stipulates the advantages and disadvantages for investment opportunities. NB, in this area, the report analyzes on infrastructure, risk and economic simulations, economic relations, FDI incentives and technological aspects. In the last part of this management report, we deal with the leadership and management aspects for application of Thomas cook strategic development directions. ... This analytical approach has been part of my option for better and quality assessment of directions that India should set up to increase its Direct Foreign Investment, one has to have a unique outlook to assist him deal with the diverse exchange royalties. I have decided to have a dynamic approach to the management prospects of the company Thomas Cook. Essential planning is required as one deal with these aspects of development strategies. My strategic development consists of future orientation, where the environment is deemed to change. One outlooks one the perceptions of the organization and how I want my company to be in future. My choice of development strategies concerns: technological, political, economical, the environmental conditions and on dimensions of the social background. Both China and India have policies that assist one in the overall implementation of strategies and management of the FDI in the end, I am able to determine the level or china and India resources throug h development strategies and to the optimum level of resources of each country. Choice of development strategies also relies on the structure and resources of each country. Reassessments of company elements and modification of the economic investments in the countries should be in continuous strategic move. Choice of development strategies is also due to the strong economic and environmental ties between the two countries, one is encouraged to foster foreign direct investments in china due to openness in development and it instills continuous changing goals for investments. China sets good investments mechanisms all over the world to ensure

Concert report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Concert report - Essay Example The variations are played without any gap. A person not having knowledge of music cannot differentiate in variations. Classical touch of music and use of different variations in continuity is the beauty of the concert. In the Tchaikovsky Variations – a fresh kaleidoscope joining together procedural fireworks with demonstrative lyricism and an exciting choice that motivated Liszt to favourably say: â€Å"This is real music!† The music is very delicate and musicians showed rhythm in moving from one variation to the next one. Antique-edged themes through each of the seven vibrantly contrast variations and postscript with a skilled concern for tonal range, colour and balance as well. Capuà §on’s agile solo line is competently playful, sad and fervent by turns, Gergiev accompanying with a love-struck precision of touch to offer a reading that is delicate but not very deliberate, elegantly refined without ever keeping superiority in danger. Although the musicians had to play for a long time but they controlled every moment of orchestra. The instruments used were mainly woodwind, horns and strings and a lot of effort is visible in coordination of instruments. The musician’s technical ability sounds very good and energetic. Specially the feelings which they convey in a variation and then smooth transition from one variation to another shows the technical quality and skill of musicians. This a great display of classic music. This performance is equal to famous Rostropovich/ Karajan performance that is on DG. Yes, they really seem well prepared for the concert. Just feel the lyrics and continuity of emotions and variation carried forward by the musicians. Every theme and variation was able to clearly convey the message to viewers and occupy their mental feelings with classical music. Now if we talk about the first variation, it is in triplets, and when it reaches the mid point then theme is redefined by orchestra. The sound is high quality and

Human Adaptations to Extreme Cold

Human Adaptations to Extreme Cold   Abstract Humans have successfully adapted to environmental stresses, including extreme cold. A review of existing literature examining archaeological data, historical data, and current populations regarding human adaptation to cold stress (average annual temperature of ~ -14 °C / 7 °F) yields evidence supporting distinctive morphological, physiological and behavioral traits that compensate for the stress. Morphological adaptations can be seen in elongated and narrowed nasal passages (long narrow noses), which help warm and hydrate the air before it passes into the lungs; and a decreased surface area to volume ratio and allowing the individuals to more easily maintain a normal core body temperature. Physiological adaptations include: increased basal metabolic rate, which increases the amount of body heat produced; and a higher prevalence of type 1 diabetes, which may be a genetic adaptation that protects cells from freezing. Additionally behavioral adaptations can be observed in agricultur e, awareness of fickle environmental factors, and clothing. Traditional populations in sub-polar regions tend to be hunter foragers; agriculture is limited to what can be cultivated in the short growing season. Some populations demonstrate acute awareness of weather patterns, modifying their behaviors to minimize exposure to dangerous conditions while taking full advantage of more temperate periods. The author finds ample evidence of widely varied human adaptations to extremely cold environments which allow sub-arctic populations to survive more easily in their specific environments. Human Adaptations to Extreme Cold Humans have successfully adapted morphologically, physiologically, and behaviorally to environmental stress, including extreme cold. As a species, humans have survived Ice Ages which brought the intensely cold environment, normal for our polar and sub-polar regions, across much of the planet. To understand the wide variety of adaptations which have proven successful, the author explored existing literature analyzing data from archaeological, historical, and anecdotal sources, as well as from current populations. Because more information involving human populations exists for inhabitants of sub-polar regions than for any other extremely cold environments (except high-altitude locales where oxygen level is a significant contributing factor for adaptation and would complicate conclusions which might be drawn about adaptations to cold stress) the author focused there. Extreme cold is defined, in terms of environment, by examining monthly mean temperature charts provided online by the U.S . Navy (Guest, 2000). These data show that monthly mean temperatures at sub-polar locations, both north and south, range from -30 °C (-22 °F) in January to +5 ° C (+41 °F) in July, with daily variations from -40 °C (-40 °F) to +30 °C (+86 °F) yielding average annual temperatures ~ -14 °C (7 °F). Ample evidence exists to support conclusions that morphological, physiological, and behavioral adaptations have occurred in response to the stress of existence in extremely cold environments. Morphological adaptations can be seen in elongated and narrowed nasal passages, broad pelves, and relatively short, stocky bodies. (Kennedy 2007; Hernandez, Fox, Garcia-Moro 1997). Fueguians and the Eskimos are the human groups with the narrowest and highest nasal apertures, displaying a combination of large nasal height and low nasal breadth values, while groups from equatorial areas have low, wide nasal passages (Hernà ¡, et al. 1997). Both groups lived and/or live in the sub-polar regions (one nearer the southern pole, one nearer the northern). Fueguians inhabited Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of South American after the ice sheets receded, ~ 10,000 to 12,000 BP (before present). Unlike the sub-Arctic environment, which is cold and dry, the climate of Tierra del Fuego is extremely cold, rainy, foggy, and windy. Average temperatures are in line with our definition of extreme cold, but in addition the area receives ~3000 mm (118 in) of rain each year and strong, persistent winds that blow off the glaciers, inducing a significant windchill affect. (Hernà ¡, et al. 1997, and references therein) took craniometric (measurments of the skull) measurements of 180 skulls from three distinct tribal groups of the area and analyzed them in relation to Howells 28 craniometric series in order to increase the statistical significance of the sample. When all the measurements were plotted on a climate map, a strong correlation between increased nasal height combined with narrow breadth and extremely low temperatures is apparent. Researchers postulate that high, narrow nasal openings allow frigid air to be warmed by the mucous membranes lining the nasal cavity to prevent damage to delicate lung tissue, and enhance the recovery of heat and moisture from expired air. (Hernà ¡, et al. 1997) Another morphological adaptation supported by existing studies is a short, stocky body structure. Body proportions of humans [and other endothermic (i.e., warm-blooded) species] have long been known to show significant correlations with climatic variables and their proxies. Specifically, two empirically derived ecogeographical rules, those of Bergmann (1847) and Allen (1877), state that within a widespread endothermic species, those in colder regions will tend to weigh more (Bergmanns rule) and be characterized by shorter appendages (Allens rule) than their conspecifics [members of the same species] in warmer climes. (Holliday and Hilton, 2010 and references therein). They also put forward colder-climate groups being characterized by broader pelves, and reference C.B Ruffs work from the early 1990s. Holliday and Hilton (2010) examine skeletal data from the Point Hope Inuit (another name for Eskimo) of North America. A total of 173 individuals, 127 from the Tigara period (13th to 17th century AD) and 46 from the Ipiutak period (~100 BC to 500 AD) were measured and analyzed relative to other Native North Americans, and samples from Europe, North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa (from similar periods). Based on results from previous studies referenced, Holliday and Hilton concentrated their effort on measurements which have already been determined to vary with climate, specifically limb bones from the four major limb segments, femoral head diameter, skeletal trunk height (the summed dorsal body heights of T1-L5 plus sacral ventral length), and bi-iliac breadth [pelvic width]. (Holliday and Hilton, 2010). From the basic measurements, the authors computed seven ratios which are identified as indices for comparison. Results show that African samples provide the lowest indices while circumpolar populations show the highest, with European numbers in the middle. Neither of the groups measured specifically for this study (nor the third Native North American sample) is signific antly different from the other, but marked variations exist between these groups and both of the African groups. Interestingly, results do not support the authors expectation that the Inuit and Europeans would show a discernible variation using the specific indices studied. However, the bi-iliac relative breadth index (pelvic breadth compared to assumed trunk height) did separate these two groups distinctly. As a counter-point, it is noted that there are other factors which can affect overall stature, such as under-nutrition. In a harsh environment, maintaining sufficient nutritional intake is likely compromised, and so the shorter body may not be simply an adaptation to the extremely cold environment. Popular rhetoric holds that a layer of body fat helps keep humans, and other mammals, warm. In his 2007 American Journal of Human Biology article, Human cold adaptation: An unfinished agenda Steegmann does not disagree; he says, Fat insulates better than muscle per unit of thickness. However, in a fit person, muscle layers are usually much thicker than subcutaneous fat and consequently have higher absolute insulative value. Studies in the 1950s and 1960s (referenced in Elsner (1963): LeBlanc, 1954; Baker and Daniels, 1956; Daniels, et al, 1961) demonstrated that Caucasians with a thicker layer of body fat, as measured by skinfold, maintained core temperature, skin temperature, and metabolic rate more reliably when exposed to 15 ° C (59 °F) for two hours. However, in a similar study (Elsner, 1963) compared the skinfold thickness of eight hunter-gatherer groups (aborigines of central and northern Australia, Inuit of Canada, Eskimos, Alacaluf Indians of southern Chile, Lapps, Peruvi an Indians, and Kalahari bushmen), and cold-acclimatized Norwegian students, with urban Caucasians as a control. Skinfold thickness was measured at ten locations: abdomen, back (subscapular), calf, cheek, chin, iliac crest, knee, pectoral, upper arm,and side. The urban Caucasian control group had higher values across the board, except for the cheek measurement. Of particular interest, Canadian Inuit, and Eskimos had amongst the lowest values; not what was expected from populations that acquire 70-75% of their caloric intake (see above) from animal fat. Additionally he measured the rectal temperature, metabolic rate, and skin temperature of his subjects during an eight-hour sleep period with ambient room temperature of 0 ° 5 °C (32 ° 41 °F) during which time they had only one thin blanket to wrap up in. Elsner reports that there was poor correlation between skinfold thickness and the measurements of interest during the overnight study. In support of these findings, from ano ther study, Steegman (2007) reports results which demonstrate that Inuit traditionally had high muscle mass and high work capacity, but low body fat. Aside from the subjective observation that the primitive groups had better sleep than the control group, three sets of reactions emerged from Elsners study: 1) Canadian Inuit, Eskimos, and Alacaluf Indians, and cold-acclimatized Norwegian students demonstrated high metabolic rates (measurement technique not defined) and warm extremities; 2) Kalahari bushmen and aborigines from central Australia had stable or falling metabolic rate and cooler skin; and 3) Peruvian Indians and Lapps had low rectal temperatures and higher extremity temperatures. So, while a thicker layer of body fat does not seem to be a human adaptation for survival in extremely cold environments, increased metabolic rate and some protective mechanism to keep extremities warm both appear likely. (Makinen, 2007) Physiological adaptations include: increased basal metabolic rate, high protein/high fat/low carbohydrate nutritional requirements, and some evidence of variations in blood chemistry. (Westerterp-Plantenga 1999; Srivastava, Kumar 1991; Moalem, Storey, Percy, Peros, Perl 2004) An inverse relationship between BMR and mean annual temperature has been documented, which holds true even when controlled for differences in body size. (Snodgrass, et all 2005) In fact, Snodgrass, et al (2005) conducted extensive research among the Yakut population in Siberia (sub-polar Asia) which supports the claim that increased basal metabolic rate is an important human adapation to the stress of an extremely cold environment. With a thorough and well-documented scientific process, participants in the Snodgrass study underwent measurements of core temperature, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and heart rate in a thermoneutral (23 ° 27 °C) environment after a 12-hour fast. Results for basal metabolic rate (BMR) were predicted based on three standards drawn from a European population: fat-free mass (FFM), surface area (SA), and body mass. In all three cases, for males and females, the Yakut BMR measured significantly higher than predicted values. The BMR of Yaku t men and women were demonstrably elevated over their more southern-dwelling, European counterparts. Another metabolic adaptation might be seen in the increased incidence of Type 1 diabetes mellitus among northern Europeans. Moalem, et al (2004) Recent animal research has uncovered the importance of the generation of elevated levels of glucose, glycerol and other sugar derivatives as a physiological means for cold adaptation. High concentrations of these substances depress the freezing point of body fluids and prevent the formation of ice crystals in cells through supercooling, thus acting as a cryoprotectant or antifreeze for vital organs as well as in their muscle tissue. Citing the example of cystic fibrosis conferring immunity to typhoid (salmonella typhi), the authors suggest that elevated blood glucose levels, such as are seen when the body does not produce insulin, may be the result of genetic mutation which gave an evolutionary advantage to inhabitants of cold climates about 14,000 years ago when world-wide temperatures dropped dramatically. Life expectancies then were short, so genetic adaptations that enhanced survival would have favored changes in the short term. Now that our life expectancies have increased to 70+ years, we can observe that such changes might have been beneficial then, but currently are causing dangerous health issues within the aging population. Traditional dietary intake of these populations of cold-dwellers depends completely on what is available at any given time. In 2004 Patricia Cochran, a native Inuit Alaskan, wrote on the traditional diet for Discovermagizine.com. Our meat was seal and walrus, marine mammals that live in cold water and have lots of fat. We used seal oil for our cooking and as a dipping sauce for food. We had moose, caribou, and reindeer. We hunted ducks, geese, and little land birds like quail, called ptarmigan. We caught crab and lots of fish-salmon, whitefish, tomcod, pike, and char. Our fish were cooked, dried, smoked, or frozen. We ate frozen raw whitefish, sliced thin. The elders liked stinkfish, fish buried in seal bags or cans in the tundra and left to ferment. And fermented seal flipper, they liked that too. She reports that in the short summers the villagers would forage for roots, greens, and berries.. What the diet of the Far North illustrates, says Harold Draper, a biochemist and expert in Eskimo nutrition, is that there are no essential foods-only essential nutrients. And humans can get those nutrients from diverse and eye-opening sources. Inhabitants of extremely cold climates do not live to eat, they eat to live. The traditional Inuit diet, which seems to a Westerner to be sorely lacking in fruits and vegetables, which the U.S. government insists are necessary for wellness, supplies all they need to maintain health in their sub-polar climate. Vitamin C, which is a vital component for healthy connective tissue, is found in raw animal organs, raw kelp, and even muktuk, which is as rich in Vitamin C as orange juice, gram for gram.Fat-soluble vitamins A and D are metabolically mined from cold-water fish and mammal fats and livers. Not surprising, then, that the traditional Inuit diet comprised 90% of its caloric intake from meat and fish, 50-70% of its calories specifically from wild animal fat fat is the source of not only calories but also necessary nutrients. This traditional Inuit diet based wholly on what food is available from hunting, fishing and forage-harvesting might be a behavioral/cultural adaptation to the climate, while also encompassing metabolic/digestive adaptations. While morphological and physiological adaptations to environment take eons to manifest, some cultural and social adaptations may be apparent on a far shorter time scale. Steegmann (2007, and references therein) speaks about Richard K. Nelsons comparison of Kutchin natives of east-central Alaska to Eskimos, explaining Nelsons observation that Kutchin hunters keep moving if they lose their way, afraid if they stop they will sleep and freeze. Eskimo rest as needed and only move to stay warm. He also noted that Eskimo had a complex understanding of weather prediction and were better equipped to plan accordingly and keep themselves safe. In both cases, Eskimos seem to practice higher survival skills and both behaviors are strongly directed by cultural traditions. Two very different responses to the same stimuli in similar environments, with potentially diametrically opposed results: survival and death. Another surprising and non-intuitive variation in responses to the extreme cold of sub-polar life can be found in the clothing styles of arctic and some sub-arctic populations. According to Hernà ¡, et al. (1997) arctic inhabitants, such as the Inuit, wear clothing designed to protect them from the harsh cold, whereas the three Fuegian tribes they study, who lived at the southern tip of South America, are anecdotally described as almost naked throughout their lives. The Fuegian tribes are extinct, so no opportunities to explore their cultural adaptations to their extreme environment. Human adapation to the stress of an extremely cold environment, such as those of sub-polar regions, can be seen in morphological changes, physiological changes, and behavioral/cultural developments. Morphological changes include long, narrow nasal passages, to pre-warm icy air and protect fragile lung tissues and short, stocky body structure, which increases the body mass to surface area ratio, conserving body heat. Physiologically, increased basal metabolic rate is strongly supported as an adaptation, in a contemporary population, to the extremely cold climate of Siberia. An increased incidence of Type 1 diabetes in cold climates is suggested as a favorable mutation during the rapid onset of a mini Ice Age, but more studies would be needed to prove this as a lasting adaptation. Changes in metabolism and digestion in order to extract necessary nutrients from the limited food sources available in a sub-polar climate may be a physiological adaptation, but without studies to demonstrate a change in how the Inuit (or other sub-polar inhabitant) body processes food in order to extract necessary nutrients, it should be categorized as a behavioral/cultural adaptations. They eat to live, utilizing all food sources available. Other behavioral adaptations can be observed in a more precise weather awareness, perhaps, and clothing styles.

American and Iranian educational system Essay

In some counties, like Iran, one of the problems is that most of the immigrants prefer to live in the USA because of the educational system. In Iran, principals of the schools do not pay much attention to the way lessons are thought to the students; however, one of the places that care most about the educational system is the USA. In the United States, all students have the same opportunity of gaining their goals. By knowing the differences between the educational system between the USA and Iran, principals can develop the educational system better than before. Consequently, by having a better educational system, student’s knowledge will be improved. The educational structure in Iran differs from the USA in hardness of materials in high schools, opportunity for studying, atmosphere and facilities. The first difference between the educational system of Iran and the USA is that in Iran science materials in the high schools include university courses of the USA. Therefore, there are a lot for students to cover in high schools, and the courses are also too hard. So students in Iran study more prior to the university than their peers in the USA. Moreover, there is a university entrance exam in Iran that takes place each year in the summer, which includes all material of four years of high school. If students pass this test, they can attend to the university; otherwise, they should study one more year to retake the exam. Likewise, TASP is one of tests that all students should take, which takes place in some states in America; however, failing in any parts of these exams does not prevent students from entering universities in the year that they have planned to. . Additionally, in America, study materials in high schools cannot be compared to those of universities. Because from high school to university the courses become hard suddenly compared to the easy ones in the high schools. As a result, if students migrate from Iran to the USA, they will find most of the university courses easy because of having a strong educational back ground from their countries. In addition to complication of materials, another educational system variation between Iran and United States is the opportunity for people in all conditions to study. Most of students who have defects are ashamed of studying next to the other students in Iran. Besides, in Iran if disabled  students decide to continue studying in the universities, there are no efficient facilities as well as capable teachers for them. On the other hand, in the USA, schools pay equal attention to all normal and disabled students. For instance, the USA universities have specified computers, scanners, and testing centers for disabled students. They are also some people who can become their private tutors in case of demands. Furthermore, many people as well as the ones who are above thirty years old study in the American universities, but in Iran classroom colleagues have all same ages. Besides hardness of materials and study conditions, another contrast is atmosphere of the classes in Iran and the USA. In Iran, students can neither eat nor speak with each other in the class hours because it distracts others concentrations from teacher’s speech. On the other hand, in the United States, students can eat whenever they feel hungry in the class, which makes an informal atmosphere. They can also sit anyway that makes them more comfortable including a sleeping position. Then again, in the formal atmosphere of the classes in Iran, students have to have the instructor’s permission to get out of the class. In addition, the benefit of a formal atmosphere in class is that by paying more attention to their teacher, students can learn better. While not concentrating fully on to the teacher’s speech, has a negative effect on the educational level. Furthermore, the last important difference between educational system in Iran and the USA is having several kinds of facilities in their schools. Iran is one of the countries that dose not have too many facilities for the students. Therefore, if students did not read the chapter that their teacher want to teach before the class, they may confront difficulty in understanding it. Nevertheless, in spite of having less facility in the schools in Iran, students improve their learning level by registering in private or semiprivate classes. On the other hand, students in the USA have all kind of facilities in their schools, which are free for them. In the United States, student can access to various types of learning methods easily. As an example, by reading different books, having tutors, and watching films about that specific subject in their schools, they can improve their learning level. In summary, Educational system in Iran differs from the USA in hardness of material in high schools, condition of studying, atmosphere and tools of studying. Students can combine the positive methods of both Iran and the USA for improving their educational system. Additionally, having a break in the middle of a formal atmospheric class is an alternative way of recapturing students’ attention when they feeling tired distracts their attention.